{"id":12988,"date":"2022-08-11T10:33:25","date_gmt":"2022-08-11T10:33:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/grecia-literatura\/"},"modified":"2022-08-11T10:33:25","modified_gmt":"2022-08-11T10:33:25","slug":"grecia-literatura","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/grecia-literatura\/","title":{"rendered":"Grecia &#8211; Literatur\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literatura greac\u0103 veche<\/h2>\n\n<p>Literatura greac\u0103 antic\u0103 este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een 3 epoci distincte:<\/p>\n\n<p>&#8211; Perioada arhaic\u0103: literatura din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 se concentreaz\u0103 mai ales pe mituri &#8211; \u00een parte istorie \u0219i \u00een parte folclor. Printre cele mai semnificative exemple din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 se num\u0103r\u0103 epopeile lui Homer, Iliada \u0219i Odiseea, \u0219i Teogonia lui Hesiod.<\/p>\n\n<p>O mare parte din ceea ce a fost dezvoltat \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 a fost \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it verbal, pentru a fi pus \u00een scris ani mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Perioada clasic\u0103: literatura din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 (secolele 4 &#8211; 5 \u00ee.Hr.) este axat\u0103 pe teatru. Drama era folosit\u0103 nu doar pentru a distra, ci \u0219i pentru a educa cet\u0103\u021beanul grec, pentru a explora o problem\u0103. A fost perioada \u00een care au fost introduse formele de tragedie \u0219i comedie, care au devenit populare \u0219i influente. <\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Cei mai cunoscu\u021bi tragici greci sunt Eschil, Sofocle \u0219i Euripide, iar Aristofan a fost celebru pentru comediile sale. <\/p>\n\n<p>&#8211; Perioada elenistic\u0103:  \u00cen perioada elenistic\u0103 au \u00eenflorit poe\u021bi, prozatori \u0219i istorici. Printre ace\u0219tia se num\u0103r\u0103 Callimachus, Apollonius Rhodius \u0219i cunoscutul istoric Plutarh. <\/p>\n\n<p>Din p\u0103cate, cu doar c\u00e2teva excep\u021bii, o mare parte din ceea ce a fost creat \u00een perioada arhaic\u0103 \u0219i clasic\u0103 a r\u0103mas doar \u00een fragmente sau citat \u00een lucr\u0103rile altora.<\/p>\n\n<p>(photo: \u00a0\u00a9 The Egypt Exploration Society)<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"782\" height=\"1159\" data-id=\"10241\" src=\"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1.-Ancient-Greek-Literature.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1.-Ancient-Greek-Literature.jpg 782w, https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1.-Ancient-Greek-Literature-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1.-Ancient-Greek-Literature-691x1024.jpg 691w, https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1.-Ancient-Greek-Literature-768x1138.jpg 768w, https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1.-Ancient-Greek-Literature-600x889.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"304\" height=\"475\" data-id=\"10237\" src=\"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2.-Modern-Greek-Literature.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2.-Modern-Greek-Literature.jpg 304w, https:\/\/european-training.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2.-Modern-Greek-Literature-192x300.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literatura greac\u0103 modern\u0103<\/h2>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toate operele literare grece\u0219ti scrise \u00een limba greac\u0103 modern\u0103 sunt denumite literatur\u0103 greac\u0103 modern\u0103, care a \u00eenceput s\u0103 apar\u0103 \u00een secolul 11<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> d.Hr. Epopeea lui Digenis Akritas a fost prima oper\u0103 literar\u0103 compus\u0103 \u00een limba greac\u0103 demotic\u0103 \u00een perioada bizantin\u0103. <\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alte lucr\u0103ri notabile care au urmat au fost Erofili de Georgios Chortatsis (1585) \u0219i Erotokritos de Vitsentzos Kornaros (\u00eenceputul secolului al XVII-lea<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O nou\u0103 etap\u0103 a \u00eenceput \u00een secolul 18<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0cu utilizarea limbii grece\u0219ti \u00een idiomul &#8220;katharevousa&#8221;, care era un compromis \u00eentre greaca veche \u0219i limba vernacular\u0103 contemporan\u0103, greaca demotic\u0103. Aceast\u0103 form\u0103 a limbii grece\u0219ti a fost folosit\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een literatur\u0103 de c\u0103tre Adamantios Korais \u0219i a devenit \u00een cele din urm\u0103 limba oficial\u0103 a statului nou-n\u0103scut Grecia (1832). Au urmat capodopere literare \u00een care s-a folosit un amestec \u00eentre aceast\u0103 nou\u0103 limb\u0103 oficial\u0103 \u0219i limba demotic\u0103 (limba de zi cu zi a poporului). <\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Al\u021bi scriitori importan\u021bi \u0219i lucr\u0103ri care au urmat: <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Imnul Libert\u0103\u021bii (1823), de Dionysios Solomos &#8211; imnul na\u021bional al Greciei.<\/li><li>Criminala (1903), un scurt roman poli\u021bist scris de Alexandros Papadiamantis<\/li><li>Cele dou\u0103sprezece a\u0219ez\u0103ri ale \u021biganului (1907), culegere de poezii de Kostis Palamas<\/li><li>Elegiile \u0219i satirele (1927), colec\u021bie de poezii de Kostas Karyotakis<\/li><li>Epitafios (1936), culegere de poezii de Yiannis Ritsos (melodizat de Mikis Theodorakis)<\/li><li>Zorba grecul (1946), roman de Nikos Kazantzakis<\/li><li>Romiosini (1954), poem de Yiannis Ritsos (melodie de Mikis Theodorakis)<\/li><li>To Axion Esti (1959), culegere de poezii de Odysseas Elytis (melodizat de Mikis Theodorakis)<\/li><li>P\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00eens\u00e2ngerat (1962), roman de Dido Sotiriou<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doi poe\u021bi greci, George Seferis \u0219i Odysseas Elytis, au primit Premiul Nobel pentru Literatur\u0103 \u00een 1963 \u0219i, respectiv, 1979.\u00a0<\/span>&#13;\n&#13;\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pentru a afla mai multe despre poe\u021bi \u0219i scriitori greci contemporani importan\u021bi verifica\u021bi aici<\/span>: <a href=\"https:\/\/theculturetrip.com\/europe\/greece\/articles\/contemporary-greek-authors-and-poets-to-read-now\/\">https:\/\/theculturetrip.com\/europe\/greece\/articles\/contemporary-greek-authors-and-poets-to-read-now\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Literatura greac\u0103 veche Literatura greac\u0103 antic\u0103 este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een 3 epoci distincte: &#8211; Perioada arhaic\u0103: literatura din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 se concentreaz\u0103 mai ales pe mituri &#8211; \u00een parte istorie \u0219i \u00een parte folclor. Printre cele mai semnificative exemple din aceast\u0103 &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[203,185],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12988","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-grecia-ro","category-literatura-ro","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12988"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12988"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12988\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12989,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12988\/revisions\/12989"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}