{"id":12762,"date":"2022-08-04T08:04:55","date_gmt":"2022-08-04T08:04:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/belgique-histoire\/"},"modified":"2022-08-04T08:04:55","modified_gmt":"2022-08-04T08:04:55","slug":"belgique-histoire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/belgique-histoire\/","title":{"rendered":"Belgique &#8211; Histoire"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&#8217;histoire de la Belgique s&#8217;\u00e9tend avant la fondation de l&#8217;\u00c9tat moderne du m\u00eame nom en 1830, et est intimement li\u00e9e \u00e0 celle de ses voisins : les <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Netherlands\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pays-Bas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, l&#8217;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Germany\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allemagne<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, la <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_France\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">France<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> et le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Luxembourg\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Luxembourg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Pendant la plus grande partie de son histoire, ce qui est aujourd&#8217;hui la <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgium\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Belgique<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a fait partie d&#8217;un territoire plus vaste, tel que l&#8217;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carolingian_Empire\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empire carolingien<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ou a \u00e9t\u00e9 divis\u00e9 en plusieurs petits \u00c9tats, dont le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duchy_of_Brabant\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">duch\u00e9 de Brabant<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/County_of_Flanders\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">comt\u00e9 de Flandre<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prince-\u00e9v\u00each\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> et le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/County_of_Luxembourg\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">comt\u00e9 de Luxembourg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. En raison de sa situation strat\u00e9gique et de son histoire en tant que pays de contact entre diff\u00e9rentes cultures, la Belgique a \u00e9t\u00e9 appel\u00e9e le &#8220;carrefour de l&#8217;Europe&#8221; ; en raison des nombreuses arm\u00e9es qui se sont battues sur son sol, elle a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 appel\u00e9e le &#8220;champ de bataille de l&#8217;Europe&#8221;.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Belgium#cite_note-1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1]<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ou le &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cockfight\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cockpit de<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> l&#8217;Europe&#8221;.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Belgium#cite_note-OUP:_phrase-fable-2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[2]<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Elle est \u00e9galement remarquable en tant que nation europ\u00e9enne qui contient, et est divis\u00e9e par, une <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Language_boundary\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fronti\u00e8re linguistique<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> entre le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_language\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fran\u00e7ais <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romance_languages\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d&#8217;origine latine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> et le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_language\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n\u00e9erlandais <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germanic_languages\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">germanique<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La forme moderne de la Belgique remonte au moins aussi loin que le noyau m\u00e9ridional des <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burgundian_Netherlands\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pays-Bas bourguignons<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux. Ces terres chevauchaient l&#8217;ancienne fronti\u00e8re de l&#8217;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scheldt\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Escaut<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> qui avait divis\u00e9 la France et l&#8217;Allemagne m\u00e9di\u00e9vales, mais elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9unies sous la <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Valois-Burgundy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maison de Valois-Bourgogne<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, et unifi\u00e9es en un seul territoire autonome par leur h\u00e9ritier <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charles V, empereur du Saint Empire romain germanique<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dans sa <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1549\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pragmatique Sanction de 1549<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. La <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eighty_Years%27_War\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">guerre de Quatre-vingts ans<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1568-1648) a ensuite entra\u00een\u00e9 la scission entre une <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_Republic\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R\u00e9publique n\u00e9erlandaise<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> du nord et les <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southern_Netherlands\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pays-Bas du sud<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u00e0 partir desquels se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s la Belgique et le Luxembourg. Ce territoire m\u00e9ridional a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre gouvern\u00e9 par les descendants <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Habsburg\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Habsbourg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de la maison bourguignonne, d&#8217;abord sous le nom de &#8220;Pays-Bas espagnols&#8221;. Les invasions de la France sous <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_XIV\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Louis XIV<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ont entra\u00een\u00e9 la perte de ce qui est aujourd&#8217;hui le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nord-Pas-de-Calais\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nord-Pas-de-Calais<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> au profit de la France, tandis que le reste du territoire est finalement devenu les &#8220;Pays-Bas autrichiens&#8221;. Les <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolutionary_wars\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">guerres de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ont conduit \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9gration de la Belgique \u00e0 la France en 1795, mettant fin \u00e0 la semi-ind\u00e9pendance des r\u00e9gions qui avaient appartenu \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00c9glise catholique. Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite des Fran\u00e7ais en 1814, un nouveau <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Royaume Uni des Pays-Bas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9, qui s&#8217;est finalement divis\u00e9 une fois de plus pendant la <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgian_Revolution\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r\u00e9volution belge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de 1830-1839, donnant naissance \u00e0 trois nations modernes, la Belgique, les Pays-Bas et le Luxembourg.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les ports et l&#8217;industrie textile de la Belgique \u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 importants au Moyen-\u00c2ge, et la Belgique moderne a \u00e9t\u00e9 l&#8217;un des premiers pays \u00e0 conna\u00eetre une <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial_Revolution\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r\u00e9volution industrielle<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, qui a apport\u00e9 la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 au 19e si\u00e8cle mais a \u00e9galement ouvert une dichotomie politique entre les hommes d&#8217;affaires lib\u00e9raux et les travailleurs socialistes. Le roi a cr\u00e9\u00e9 son propre empire colonial priv\u00e9 au <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgian_Congo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Congo belge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, que le gouvernement a repris apr\u00e8s un scandale majeur en 1908. La Belgique est neutre, mais sa position strat\u00e9gique comme voie d&#8217;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la France en fait une cible d&#8217;invasion pour l&#8217;Allemagne en 1914 et en 1940. Les conditions de vie sous l&#8217;occupation \u00e9taient s\u00e9v\u00e8res. Dans la p\u00e9riode d&#8217;apr\u00e8s-guerre, la Belgique a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans l&#8217;unification europ\u00e9enne, en tant que membre fondateur de ce qui est devenu l&#8217;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Union europ\u00e9enne<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brussels\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bruxelles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> accueille aujourd&#8217;hui le si\u00e8ge de l&#8217;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NATO\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OTAN<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> et est la capitale <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de facto <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne. Les colonies sont devenues ind\u00e9pendantes au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1960.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sur le plan politique, le pays \u00e9tait autrefois polaris\u00e9 sur des questions de religion et, au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 confront\u00e9 \u00e0 de nouvelles divisions li\u00e9es \u00e0 des <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culture_of_Belgium\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">diff\u00e9rences linguistiques<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> et \u00e0 un <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_Belgium\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique in\u00e9gal<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Cet antagonisme permanent a entra\u00een\u00e9 des <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_reform_in_Belgium\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r\u00e9formes profondes depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, transformant l&#8217;\u00c9tat belge autrefois unitaire en un \u00c9tat f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, et des crises gouvernementales r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es. Elle est aujourd&#8217;hui divis\u00e9e en trois r\u00e9gions : La <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flanders\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flandre<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (n\u00e9erlandophone) au nord, la <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wallonia\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wallonie<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (francophone) au sud, et Bruxelles, bilingue, au centre. Il existe \u00e9galement une population germanophone le long de la fronti\u00e8re avec l&#8217;Allemagne, qui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prussia\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prusse<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lors du <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_Vienna\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Congr\u00e8s de Vienne<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> en 1815, mais qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 ajout\u00e9e \u00e0 la Belgique \u00e0 la suite du <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Versailles\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trait\u00e9 de Versailles de<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1919, apr\u00e8s la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Belgium\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Belgium<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&#8217;histoire de la Belgique s&#8217;\u00e9tend avant la fondation de l&#8217;\u00c9tat moderne du m\u00eame nom en 1830, et est intimement li\u00e9e \u00e0 celle de ses voisins : les Pays-Bas, l&#8217;Allemagne, la France et le Luxembourg. Pendant la plus grande partie de &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[135,171],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-belgique","category-histoire","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12762"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12762"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12762\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12763,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12762\/revisions\/12763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12762"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12762"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-training.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}